Evolution of Carbonatite Magmas in the Upper Mantle and Crust.Carbonatites: Contrasting, Complex, and Controversial.This issue explores the current models for how carbonatites form and evolve in the mantle or crust, the temporal and tectonic controls on their formation, why they are so enriched in rare earth elements, and what are their economically significant minerals. The popularity of high-tech devices-smart phones, electric motors for zero-emission vehicles, wind turbines for renewable energy-has led to a renewed focus on these enigmatic carbonatite magmas, because to make these devices requires rare earth elements and the majority of the world’s rare earth elements are associated with carbonatites. They are composed dominantly of the Ca, Mg, and Fe carbonates, along with many other minor and trace components. Carbonatites are rare, but important, igneous rocks in the Earth’s crust.
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